Various ways by which P. falciparum parasite evades the immune system via secreted extracellular vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by infected red blood cells (iRBCs), as well as other host cells, are important regulators of the balance that determines the disease outcome. In addition, EVs constitute a robust mode of cell-to-cell communication by transferring signaling cargoes between parasites, and between parasites and host, without requiring cellular contact. The transfer of membrane and cytosolic proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA through EVs not only modulate the immune response, it also mediates cellular communication between parasites to synchronize the transmission stage. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding EV roles during malaria.

4. Immunity to Malaria

Frontiers Extracellular Vesicles Could Carry an Evolutionary

Exploring interactions between extracellular vesicles and cells

The role of vascular endothelium and exosomes in human protozoan

Frontiers Neutrophils in malaria: A double-edged sword role

Malaria parasites both repress host CXCL10 and use it as a cue for

Cell-Cell Communication between Malaria-Infected Red Blood Cells

Extracellular vesicles from early stage Plasmodium falciparum

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